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Manual Testing is the process of testing a software application manually to identify defects, bugs, or issues without using automation tools. Testers execute test cases, verify expected results, and ensure the application meets business and functional requirements.
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| Verification | Validation |
|---|---|
| Checks whether the software is built correctly | Checks whether the right software is built |
| Performed during development | Performed after development |
| Involves reviews, inspections, and walkthroughs | Involves executing the software |
| Static testing | Dynamic testing |
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SDLC is a structured process used to develop software applications.
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The four levels of testing are:
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| Functional Testing | Non-Functional Testing |
|---|---|
| Verifies application functionality | Verifies performance, usability, security, etc. |
| Based on business requirements | Based on quality attributes |
| Example: Login functionality | Example: Load testing |
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| Smoke Testing | Sanity Testing |
|---|---|
| Performed on a new build | Performed after minor changes or bug fixes |
| Verifies critical functionalities | Verifies specific functionality |
| Wide and shallow testing | Narrow and deep testing |
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Test Cases are documents that describe the steps, inputs, expected results, and execution conditions used to verify software functionality.
They help ensure:
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A Test Plan is a document describing:
A Test Strategy defines the overall testing approach, including:
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| Test Scenario | Test Case |
|---|---|
| High-level testing objective | Detailed testing steps |
| Describes what to test | Describes how to test |
| Covers multiple test cases | Covers one scenario |
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Test cases are prioritized based on:
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Test Coverage measures how much of the application’s functionality has been tested.
Good test coverage ensures:
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Regression Testing verifies that recent code changes or bug fixes have not affected existing functionality.
It is performed:
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Boundary Value Analysis is a black-box testing technique that focuses on testing boundary values because defects commonly occur at input limits.
Example:
If the valid age is 18–60, test values include:
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Equivalence Partitioning divides input data into valid and invalid groups (partitions), reducing the number of test cases while maintaining effective coverage.
Example:
Age: 18–60
Valid Partition:
Invalid Partitions:
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The Defect Life Cycle represents the stages a defect passes through.
Typical stages:
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| Severity | Priority |
|---|---|
| Impact of the defect on the application | Urgency to fix the defect |
| Decided by QA | Decided by Business/Product Manager |
| Technical impact | Business impact |
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Test Data is the input information required to execute test cases.
Examples:
Test Data Preparation involves creating valid, invalid, and boundary data before testing.
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Exploratory Testing is an informal testing technique where testers simultaneously learn the application, design test cases, and execute them without predefined scripts.
Advantages:
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The V-Model (Verification and Validation Model) maps each development phase to a corresponding testing phase.
It ensures testing starts early in the development lifecycle.
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Tests the application using valid inputs to verify expected behavior.
Example: Entering a valid username and password.
Tests the application using invalid or unexpected inputs to verify error handling.
Example: Entering an invalid password or leaving required fields blank.
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Ad-hoc Testing is an informal and unplanned testing approach where testers randomly test the application without predefined test cases.
It is useful for:
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Good test coverage can be achieved by:
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A Test Case Template is a standard format used for documenting test cases.
It typically includes:
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Test Execution is the process of running test cases and comparing the actual results with the expected results.
A Test Log records execution details, including:
The Test Log helps track testing progress and supports reporting and auditing.
